1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) ["What is a Knowledge Graph?"](https://ontotext.com/knowledgehub/fundamentals/what-is-a-knowledge-graph). *ontotext*. 2018. Retrieved 2025-12-05. 2. [↑](#cite_ref-2) Kumar Pandey, Atul (2020-12-18). ["What defines a knowledge graph?"](https://www.atulhost.com/what-is-knowledge-graph). *AtulHost*. Retrieved 2025-12-05. 3. [1](#cite_ref-Ref1_3-0) [2](#cite_ref-Ref1_3-1) [3](#cite_ref-Ref1_3-2) Ehrlinger, Lisa; Wöß, Wolfram (2016). [*Towards a Definition of Knowledge Graphs*](http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1695/paper4.pdf) (PDF). SEMANTiCS2016. Leipzig: Joint Proceedings of the Posters and Demos Track of 12th International Conference on Semantic Systems – SEMANTiCS2016 and 1st International Workshop on Semantic Change & Evolving Semantics (SuCCESS16). pp. 13–16. 4. [↑](#cite_ref-4) Soylu, Ahmet (2020). ["Enhancing Public Procurement in the European Union Through Constructing and Exploiting an Integrated Knowledge Graph"](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8_27). *The Semantic Web – ISWC 2020*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12507. pp. 430–446. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8\_27](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-62466-8_27). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-030-62465-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62465-1 "Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62465-1"). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [226229398](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226229398). 5. [↑](#cite_ref-5) Mohamed, Sameh K.; Nounu, Aayah; Nováček, Vít (2021). ["Biological applications of knowledge graph embedding models"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbib%2Fbbaa012). *Briefings in Bioinformatics*. **22** (2): 1679–1693. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1093/bib/bbaa012](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbib%2Fbbaa012). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"):[1983/919db5c6-6e10-4277-9ff9-f86bbcedcee8](https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F919db5c6-6e10-4277-9ff9-f86bbcedcee8). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [32065227](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32065227) – via Oxford Academic. 6. [↑](#cite_ref-6) Schneider, Edward W. (1973). ["Course Modularization Applied: The Interface System and Its Implications For Sequence Control and Data Analysis"](https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED088424.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 5 December 2025. 7. [↑](#cite_ref-7) Victor, Filippov; Natalya, Ayusheeva; Maria, Kusheeva (2024-03-17). ["Algorithms and methods for automated construction of knowledge graphs based on text sources"](https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2024/61/e3sconf_uesf2024_03017.pdf) (PDF). *E3S Web of Conferences*. **531**: 03017. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2024E3SWC.53103017F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024E3SWC.53103017F). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1051/e3sconf/202453103017](https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fe3sconf%2F202453103017). Retrieved 2025-08-18. 8. [↑](#cite_ref-8) ["US Trademark no 75589756"](http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4809:rjqm9h.2.1).`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status "Category:CS1 maint: url-status")) 9. [↑](#cite_ref-9) Michael, Färber; Basil, Ell; Carsten, Menne; Achim, Rettinger (2015-01-15). ["A Comparative Survey of DBpedia, Freebase, OpenCyc, Wikidata, and YAGO"](https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/system/files/swj1141.pdf) (PDF). *KIT*. Retrieved 2025-08-18. 10. [1](#cite_ref-Singhal-2012_10-0) [2](#cite_ref-Singhal-2012_10-1) Singhal, Amit (May 16, 2012). ["Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings"](https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html). *Official Google Blog*. Retrieved 21 March 2017. 11. [↑](#cite_ref-11) Schwartz, Barry (December 17, 2014). ["Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact?"](https://www.seroundtable.com/google-freebase-wikidata-knowledge-graph-19591.html). *Search Engine Roundtable*. Retrieved December 10, 2017. 12. [1](#cite_ref-McCusker_12-0) [2](#cite_ref-McCusker_12-1) McCusker, James P.; McGuiness, Deborah L. ["What is a Knowledge Graph?"](https://www.authorea.com/users/6341/articles/107281-what-is-a-knowledge-graph/_show_article). *www.authorea.com*. Retrieved 21 March 2017. 13. [↑](#cite_ref-13) ["Knowledge Graph Enterprises"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200717063112/https://kgkg.factnexus.com/@3782~167.html). 2020. Archived from [the original](https://kgkg.factnexus.com/@3782~167.html) on 2020-07-17. Retrieved 2020-07-17. 14. [↑](#cite_ref-14) ["2021 IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Graph (ICKG)\*"](https://kmeducationhub.de/ieee-international-conference-big-knowledge-icbk/). *KMedu Hub*. 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2021-03-22. 15. [↑](#cite_ref-15) Edge, Darren; Trinh, Ha; Cheng, Newman; Bradley, Joshua; Chao, Alex; Mody, Apurva; Truitt, Steven; Metropolitansky, Dasha; Ness, Robert Osazuwa (2025-02-19), [*From Local to Global: A Graph RAG Approach to Query-Focused Summarization*](http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16130), [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[2404.16130](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16130), retrieved 2025-11-20 16. [↑](#cite_ref-16) Yih, Wen-tau; Chang, Ming-Wei; He, Xiaodong; Gao, Jianfeng (July 2015). ["Semantic Parsing via Staged Query Graph Generation: Question Answering with Knowledge Base"](https://aclanthology.org/P15-1128/). In Zong, Chengqing; Strube, Michael (eds.). *Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)*. Beijing, China: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 1321–1331. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.3115/v1/P15-1128](https://doi.org/10.3115%2Fv1%2FP15-1128). 17. [↑](#cite_ref-17) Lewis, Patrick; Perez, Ethan; Piktus, Aleksandra; Petroni, Fabio; Karpukhin, Vladimir; Goyal, Naman; Küttler, Heinrich; Lewis, Mike; Yih, Wen-tau; Rocktäschel, Tim; Riedel, Sebastian; Kiela, Douwe (2020). ["Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks"](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/hash/6b493230205f780e1bc26945df7481e5-Abstract.html). *Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems*. **33**. Curran Associates, Inc.: 9459–9474. 18. [↑](#cite_ref-18) Hogan, Aidan; Blomqvist, Eva; Cochez, Michael; d'Amato, Claudia; de Melo, Gerard; Gutierrez, Claudio; Labra Gayo, José Emilio; Kirrane, Sabrina; Neumaier, Sebastian; Polleres, Axel; Navigli, Roberto; Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille; Rashid, Sabbir M.; Rula, Anisa; Schmelzeisen, Lukas; Sequeda, Juan; Staab, Steffen; Zimmermann, Antoine (2021-01-24). "Knowledge Graphs". *ACM Computing Surveys*. **54** (4): 1–37. [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[2003.02320](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02320). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1145/3447772](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3447772). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0360-0300](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0300). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [235716181](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235716181). 19. [↑](#cite_ref-19) Paulheim, Heiko (2017). ["Knowledge Graph Refinement: A Survey of Approaches and Evaluation Methods"](http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/system/files/swj1083.pdf) (PDF). *Semantic Web*: 489–508. Retrieved 21 March 2017. 20. [↑](#cite_ref-20) Krötsch, Markus; Weikum, Gerhard (March 2016). ["Editorial of the Special Issue on Knowledge Graphs"](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2016.04.002). *Journal of Web Semantics*. 37–38: 53–54. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1016/j.websem.2016.04.002](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.websem.2016.04.002). Retrieved 10 February 2021. 21. 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[PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [37362886](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37362886). 23. [↑](#cite_ref-23) ["The Knowledge Graph about Knowledge Graphs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200717054553/https://kgkg.factnexus.com/@3782~6.html). 2020. Archived from [the original](https://kgkg.factnexus.com/@3782~6.html) on 2020-07-17. 24. [↑](#cite_ref-24) ["The Linked Open Data Cloud"](https://lod-cloud.net/). *lod-cloud.net*. Retrieved 2020-06-30. 25. [↑](#cite_ref-25) Pyne, Yvette; Stewart, Stuart (March 2022). ["Meta-work: how we research is as important as what we research"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8884432). *[British Journal of General Practice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_General_Practice "British Journal of General Practice")*. **72** (716): 130–131. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.3399/bjgp22X718757](https://doi.org/10.3399%2Fbjgp22X718757). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [8884432](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8884432). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [35210247](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35210247). 26. [↑](#cite_ref-26) ["Neo4j Graph Database & Analytics | Graph Database Management System"](https://neo4j.com/). *Neo4j*. Retrieved 8 November 2023. 27. [↑](#cite_ref-27) ["Ontotext GraphDB"](https://www.ontotext.com/products/graphdb/). *Ontotext*. Retrieved 8 November 2023. 28. [↑](#cite_ref-28) ["An Enterprise Graph Database Management System"](https://bitnine.net/agensgraph/). *Bitnine.net*. Retrieved 19 February 2025. 29. [↑](#cite_ref-29) Sa, Wang (2025-02-07). ["Knowledge Graph"](https://www.puppygraph.com/blog/knowledge-graph). *www.puppygraph.com*. Retrieved 2025-08-18. 30. [↑](#cite_ref-30) Xiao, Guohui; Ding, Linfang; Cogrel, Benjamin; Calvanese, Diego (2019). ["Virtual Knowledge Graphs: An Overview of Systems and Use Cases"](https://direct.mit.edu/dint/article/1/3/201/9978/Virtual-Knowledge-Graphs-An-Overview-of-Systems). *Data Intelligence*. **1** (3): 201–223. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1162/dint\_a\_00011](https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fdint_a_00011). 31. [↑](#cite_ref-31) ["How do knowledge graphs work?"](https://www.stardog.com/knowledge-graph/). *Stardog*. 2022-04-05. Retrieved 2022-04-05. 32. [↑](#cite_ref-32) ["Unlocking the Power of Google Knowledge Panel: How to Obtain and Claim Yours in 2023 – RH Razu"](https://rhrazu.com/google-knowledge-panel-obtain-and-claim-yours-in-2023/). *rhrazu.com*. 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2023-09-05. 33. [↑](#cite_ref-33) Jens, Lehmann (2021-07-15). ["Representation Learning in Knowledge Graphs"](htt

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  "text": "1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [\"What is a Knowledge Graph?\"](https://ontotext.com/knowledgehub/fundamentals/what-is-a-knowledge-graph). *ontotext*. 2018. Retrieved 2025-12-05.\n2. [↑](#cite_ref-2) Kumar Pandey, Atul (2020-12-18). [\"What defines a knowledge graph?\"](https://www.atulhost.com/what-is-knowledge-graph). *AtulHost*. Retrieved 2025-12-05.\n3. [1](#cite_ref-Ref1_3-0) [2](#cite_ref-Ref1_3-1) [3](#cite_ref-Ref1_3-2) Ehrlinger, Lisa; Wöß, Wolfram (2016). [*Towards a Definition of Knowledge Graphs*](http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1695/paper4.pdf) (PDF). SEMANTiCS2016. Leipzig: Joint Proceedings of the Posters and Demos Track of 12th International Conference on Semantic Systems – SEMANTiCS2016 and 1st International Workshop on Semantic Change & Evolving Semantics (SuCCESS16). pp. 13–16.\n4. [↑](#cite_ref-4) Soylu, Ahmet (2020). [\"Enhancing Public Procurement in the European Union Through Constructing and Exploiting an Integrated Knowledge Graph\"](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8_27). *The Semantic Web – ISWC 2020*. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 12507. pp. 430–446. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8\\_27](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-62466-8_27). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) \"ISBN (identifier)\") [978-3-030-62465-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62465-1 \"Special:BookSources/978-3-030-62465-1\"). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [226229398](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226229398).\n5. [↑](#cite_ref-5) Mohamed, Sameh K.; Nounu, Aayah; Nováček, Vít (2021). [\"Biological applications of knowledge graph embedding models\"](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbib%2Fbbaa012). *Briefings in Bioinformatics*. **22** (2): 1679–1693. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1093/bib/bbaa012](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbib%2Fbbaa012). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[1983/919db5c6-6e10-4277-9ff9-f86bbcedcee8](https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F919db5c6-6e10-4277-9ff9-f86bbcedcee8). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) \"PMID (identifier)\") [32065227](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32065227) – via Oxford Academic.\n6. [↑](#cite_ref-6) Schneider, Edward W. (1973). [\"Course Modularization Applied: The Interface System and Its Implications For Sequence Control and Data Analysis\"](https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED088424.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 5 December 2025.\n7. [↑](#cite_ref-7) Victor, Filippov; Natalya, Ayusheeva; Maria, Kusheeva (2024-03-17). [\"Algorithms and methods for automated construction of knowledge graphs based on text sources\"](https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2024/61/e3sconf_uesf2024_03017.pdf) (PDF). *E3S Web of Conferences*. **531**: 03017. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2024E3SWC.53103017F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024E3SWC.53103017F). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1051/e3sconf/202453103017](https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fe3sconf%2F202453103017). Retrieved 2025-08-18.\n8. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [\"US Trademark no 75589756\"](http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4809:rjqm9h.2.1).`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status \"Category:CS1 maint: url-status\"))\n9. [↑](#cite_ref-9) Michael, Färber; Basil, Ell; Carsten, Menne; Achim, Rettinger (2015-01-15). [\"A Comparative Survey of DBpedia, Freebase, OpenCyc, Wikidata, and YAGO\"](https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/system/files/swj1141.pdf) (PDF). *KIT*. Retrieved 2025-08-18.\n10. [1](#cite_ref-Singhal-2012_10-0) [2](#cite_ref-Singhal-2012_10-1) Singhal, Amit (May 16, 2012). [\"Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings\"](https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html). *Official Google Blog*. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n11. [↑](#cite_ref-11) Schwartz, Barry (December 17, 2014). [\"Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact?\"](https://www.seroundtable.com/google-freebase-wikidata-knowledge-graph-19591.html). *Search Engine Roundtable*. Retrieved December 10, 2017.\n12. [1](#cite_ref-McCusker_12-0) [2](#cite_ref-McCusker_12-1) McCusker, James P.; McGuiness, Deborah L. [\"What is a Knowledge Graph?\"](https://www.authorea.com/users/6341/articles/107281-what-is-a-knowledge-graph/_show_article). *www.authorea.com*. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n13. [↑](#cite_ref-13) [\"Knowledge Graph Enterprises\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200717063112/https://kgkg.factnexus.com/@3782~167.html). 2020. Archived from [the original](https://kgkg.factnexus.com/@3782~167.html) on 2020-07-17. Retrieved 2020-07-17.\n14. [↑](#cite_ref-14) [\"2021 IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Graph (ICKG)\\*\"](https://kmeducationhub.de/ieee-international-conference-big-knowledge-icbk/). *KMedu Hub*. 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2021-03-22.\n15. [↑](#cite_ref-15) Edge, Darren; Trinh, Ha; Cheng, Newman; Bradley, Joshua; Chao, Alex; Mody, Apurva; Truitt, Steven; Metropolitansky, Dasha; Ness, Robert Osazuwa (2025-02-19), [*From Local to Global: A Graph RAG Approach to Query-Focused Summarization*](http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16130), [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) \"ArXiv (identifier)\"):[2404.16130](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16130), retrieved 2025-11-20\n16. [↑](#cite_ref-16) Yih, Wen-tau; Chang, Ming-Wei; He, Xiaodong; Gao, Jianfeng (July 2015). [\"Semantic Parsing via Staged Query Graph Generation: Question Answering with Knowledge Base\"](https://aclanthology.org/P15-1128/). In Zong, Chengqing; Strube, Michael (eds.). *Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)*. Beijing, China: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 1321–1331. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.3115/v1/P15-1128](https://doi.org/10.3115%2Fv1%2FP15-1128).\n17. [↑](#cite_ref-17) Lewis, Patrick; Perez, Ethan; Piktus, Aleksandra; Petroni, Fabio; Karpukhin, Vladimir; Goyal, Naman; Küttler, Heinrich; Lewis, Mike; Yih, Wen-tau; Rocktäschel, Tim; Riedel, Sebastian; Kiela, Douwe (2020). [\"Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks\"](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/hash/6b493230205f780e1bc26945df7481e5-Abstract.html). *Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems*. **33**. Curran Associates, Inc.: 9459–9474.\n18. [↑](#cite_ref-18) Hogan, Aidan; Blomqvist, Eva; Cochez, Michael; d'Amato, Claudia; de Melo, Gerard; Gutierrez, Claudio; Labra Gayo, José Emilio; Kirrane, Sabrina; Neumaier, Sebastian; Polleres, Axel; Navigli, Roberto; Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille; Rashid, Sabbir M.; Rula, Anisa; Schmelzeisen, Lukas; Sequeda, Juan; Staab, Steffen; Zimmermann, Antoine (2021-01-24). \"Knowledge Graphs\". *ACM Computing Surveys*. **54** (4): 1–37. [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) \"ArXiv (identifier)\"):[2003.02320](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02320). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1145/3447772](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3447772). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0360-0300](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0300). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [235716181](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235716181).\n19. [↑](#cite_ref-19) Paulheim, Heiko (2017). [\"Knowledge Graph Refinement: A Survey of Approaches and Evaluation Methods\"](http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/system/files/swj1083.pdf) (PDF). *Semantic Web*: 489–508. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n20. [↑](#cite_ref-20) Krötsch, Markus; Weikum, Gerhard (March 2016). [\"Editorial of the Special Issue on Knowledge Graphs\"](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2016.04.002). *Journal of Web Semantics*. 37–38: 53–54. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1016/j.websem.2016.04.002](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.websem.2016.04.002). Retrieved 10 February 2021.\n21. [↑](#cite_ref-21) [\"What is a Knowledge Graph?|Ontotext\"](https://www.ontotext.com/knowledgehub/fundamentals/what-is-a-knowledge-graph). *Ontotext*. Retrieved 2020-07-01.\n22. [↑](#cite_ref-22) Peng, Ciyuan; Feng, Xia; Naseriparsa, Mehdi; Osborne, Francesco (2023). [\"Knowledge Graphs: Opportunities and Challenges\"](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10465-9). *Artificial Intelligence Review*. **56** (11): 13071–13102. [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) \"ArXiv (identifier)\"):[2303.13948](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.13948). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10.1007/s10462-023-10465-9](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10462-023-10465-9). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1573-7462](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7462). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier) \"PMC (identifier)\") [10068207](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10068207). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) \"PMID (identifier)\") [37362886](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37362886).\n23. 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  "heading": "Entity alignment (part 2 of 4)",
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