In 2001, [Thomas A. Stewart](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Stewart_(journalist) "Thomas A. Stewart (journalist)"), former editor at *[Fortune](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine) "Fortune (magazine)")* magazine and subsequently the editor of *[Harvard Business Review](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review "Harvard Business Review")*, published a cover story highlighting the importance of intellectual capital in organizations.[[15]](#cite_note-57Stewart-15) The KM discipline has been gradually moving towards academic maturity.[[4]](#cite_note-2UNC-4) First, is a trend toward higher cooperation among academics; single-author publications are less common. Second, the role of practitioners has changed.[[12]](#cite_note-10Bray-12) Their contribution to academic research declined from 30% of overall contributions up to 2002, to only 10% by 2009.[[16]](#cite_note-44Serenko-16) Third, the number of academic knowledge management journals has been steadily growing, currently reaching 27 outlets.[[17]](#cite_note-45Serenko-17)[[18]](#cite_note-50Serenko-18) Multiple KM disciplines exist; approaches vary by author and school.[[12]](#cite_note-10Bray-12)[[19]](#cite_note-51PPH-19) As the discipline matured, academic debates increased regarding [theory](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory "Theory") and practice, including: * Techno-centric with a focus on technology, ideally those that enhance [knowledge sharing](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_sharing "Knowledge sharing") and creation.[[20]](#cite_note-19Harv-20)[[21]](#cite_note-54Springer-21) * Organisational with a focus on how an organisation can be designed to facilitate knowledge processes best.[[22]](#cite_note-18Addicot-22) * Social-psychological, with a focus on how social networks contribute to a transactive memory system[[23]](#cite_note-23) * [Ecological](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_ecosystem "Knowledge ecosystem") with a focus on the interaction of people, [identity](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science) "Identity (social science)"), knowledge, and environmental factors as a [complex adaptive system](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system "Complex adaptive system") akin to a natural [ecosystem](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem "Ecosystem").[[24]](#cite_note-8Bray-24)[[25]](#cite_note-53rst-25) Regardless of the [school of thought](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_thought "School of thought"), core components of KM roughly include people/culture, processes/structure and technology. The details depend on the [perspective](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(cognitive) "Perspective (cognitive)").[[26]](#cite_note-26) KM perspectives include: * [community of practice](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_practice "Community of practice")[[27]](#cite_note-3Teacher-27) * [social network analysis](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysis "Social network analysis")[[28]](#cite_note-4Groth-28) * [intellectual capital](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_capital "Intellectual capital")[[29]](#cite_note-24Bontis-29) * [information theory](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory "Information theory")[[10]](#cite_note-34JAS-10)[[11]](#cite_note-6KU-11) * [complexity science](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_science "Complexity science")[[30]](#cite_note-7Snowden-30) * constructivism[[31]](#cite_note-31)[[32]](#cite_note-9citeseer-32) The practical relevance of academic research in KM has been questioned[[33]](#cite_note-28Ferg-33) with [action research](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_research "Action research") suggested as having more relevance[[34]](#cite_note-21TLO-34) and the need to translate the findings presented in academic journals to a practice.[[7]](#cite_note-25Booker-7)

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  "text": "In 2001, [Thomas A. Stewart](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Stewart_(journalist) \"Thomas A. Stewart (journalist)\"), former editor at *[Fortune](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine) \"Fortune (magazine)\")* magazine and subsequently the editor of *[Harvard Business Review](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review \"Harvard Business Review\")*, published a cover story highlighting the importance of intellectual capital in organizations.[[15]](#cite_note-57Stewart-15) The KM discipline has been gradually moving towards academic maturity.[[4]](#cite_note-2UNC-4) First, is a trend toward higher cooperation among academics; single-author publications are less common. Second, the role of practitioners has changed.[[12]](#cite_note-10Bray-12) Their contribution to academic research declined from 30% of overall contributions up to 2002, to only 10% by 2009.[[16]](#cite_note-44Serenko-16) Third, the number of academic knowledge management journals has been steadily growing, currently reaching 27 outlets.[[17]](#cite_note-45Serenko-17)[[18]](#cite_note-50Serenko-18)\n\nMultiple KM disciplines exist; approaches vary by author and school.[[12]](#cite_note-10Bray-12)[[19]](#cite_note-51PPH-19) As the discipline matured, academic debates increased regarding [theory](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory \"Theory\") and practice, including:\n\n* Techno-centric with a focus on technology, ideally those that enhance [knowledge sharing](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_sharing \"Knowledge sharing\") and creation.[[20]](#cite_note-19Harv-20)[[21]](#cite_note-54Springer-21)\n* Organisational with a focus on how an organisation can be designed to facilitate knowledge processes best.[[22]](#cite_note-18Addicot-22)\n* Social-psychological, with a focus on how social networks contribute to a transactive memory system[[23]](#cite_note-23)\n* [Ecological](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_ecosystem \"Knowledge ecosystem\") with a focus on the interaction of people, [identity](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science) \"Identity (social science)\"), knowledge, and environmental factors as a [complex adaptive system](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system \"Complex adaptive system\") akin to a natural [ecosystem](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem \"Ecosystem\").[[24]](#cite_note-8Bray-24)[[25]](#cite_note-53rst-25)\n\nRegardless of the [school of thought](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_thought \"School of thought\"), core components of KM roughly include people/culture, processes/structure and technology. The details depend on the [perspective](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(cognitive) \"Perspective (cognitive)\").[[26]](#cite_note-26) KM perspectives include:\n\n* [community of practice](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_practice \"Community of practice\")[[27]](#cite_note-3Teacher-27)\n* [social network analysis](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysis \"Social network analysis\")[[28]](#cite_note-4Groth-28)\n* [intellectual capital](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_capital \"Intellectual capital\")[[29]](#cite_note-24Bontis-29)\n* [information theory](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory \"Information theory\")[[10]](#cite_note-34JAS-10)[[11]](#cite_note-6KU-11)\n* [complexity science](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_science \"Complexity science\")[[30]](#cite_note-7Snowden-30)\n* constructivism[[31]](#cite_note-31)[[32]](#cite_note-9citeseer-32)\n\nThe practical relevance of academic research in KM has been questioned[[33]](#cite_note-28Ferg-33) with [action research](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_research \"Action research\") suggested as having more relevance[[34]](#cite_note-21TLO-34) and the need to translate the findings presented in academic journals to a practice.[[7]](#cite_note-25Booker-7)",
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  "heading": "Document (part 2 of 2)",
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