[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rdf-graph2.png) A [tag cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_cloud "Tag cloud") (a typical Web 3.0 phenomenon in itself) presenting Web 3.0 themes | [Semantics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics "Semantics") | | --- | | * [Linguistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics) "Formal semantics (linguistics)") * [Logical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(logic) "Formal semantics (logic)") | | | Subfields | | --- | | * [Cognitive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_semantics "Cognitive semantics") * [Computational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_semantics "Computational semantics") * [Lexical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_semantics "Lexical semantics") + [Lexis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexis_(linguistics) "Lexis (linguistics)") + [Lexicology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicology "Lexicology") * [Statistical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_semantics "Statistical semantics") * [Structural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_semantics "Structural semantics") | | Topics | | * [Analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(linguistics) "Semantic analysis (linguistics)") * [Compositionality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositionality "Compositionality") * [Context](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context "Context") + [Prototype theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype_theory "Prototype theory") + [Force dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_dynamics "Force dynamics") * [Polysemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemy "Polysemy") * [Semantic change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_change "Semantic change") * [Semantic feature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_feature "Semantic feature") * [Semantic field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_field "Semantic field") * [Semantic gap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_gap "Semantic gap") * [Syntax–semantics interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface "Syntax–semantics interface") * [Theory of descriptions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions "Theory of descriptions") * [Truth-conditional semantics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth-conditional_semantics "Truth-conditional semantics") | | Analysis | | * [Latent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis "Latent semantic analysis") * [Computational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(computational) "Semantic analysis (computational)") * [Machine learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning) "Semantic analysis (machine learning)") | | Applications | | * [Desktop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_desktop "Semantic desktop") * [File system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_file_system "Semantic file system") * [Matching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_matching "Semantic matching") * [Parsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_parsing "Semantic parsing") * [Querying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_query "Semantic query") + [web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web) + [wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_wiki "Semantic wiki") * [Similarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_similarity "Semantic similarity") | | | [Semantics of programming languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science) "Semantics (computer science)") | | | Types | | --- | | * [Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_semantics "Action semantics") * [Algebraic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_semantics_(computer_science) "Algebraic semantics (computer science)") * [Axiomatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_semantics "Axiomatic semantics") * [Categorical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_logic "Categorical logic") * [Concurrency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_semantics "Concurrency semantics") * [Denotational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotational_semantics "Denotational semantics") * [Game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_semantics "Game semantics") * [Operational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_semantics "Operational semantics") * [Predicate transformational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_transformer_semantics "Predicate transformer semantics") | | Theory | | * [Abstract interpretation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_interpretation "Abstract interpretation") * [Abstract semantic graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_semantic_graph "Abstract semantic graph") | | | * [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language "Language") * [Linguistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics "Linguistics") | | * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Semantics "Template:Semantics") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Semantics "Template talk:Semantics") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semantics "Special:EditPage/Template:Semantics") | The **Semantic Web**, sometimes known as **Web 3.0**, is an extension of the [World Wide Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web "World Wide Web") through standards[[1]](#cite_note-1) set by the [World Wide Web Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium "World Wide Web Consortium") (W3C). The goal of the Semantic Web is to make [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet "Internet") data [machine-readable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable "Machine-readable"). To enable the encoding of [semantics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics "Semantics") with the data, technologies such as [Resource Description Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework "Resource Description Framework") (RDF)[[2]](#cite_note-2) and [Web Ontology Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language "Web Ontology Language") (OWL)[[3]](#cite_note-3) are used. These technologies are used to formally represent [metadata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata "Metadata"). For example, [ontology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science) "Ontology (information science)") can describe [concepts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept "Concept"), relationships between [entities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model "Entity–relationship model"), and categories of things. These embedded semantics offer significant advantages such as [reasoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning_engine "Reasoning engine") over data and operating with heterogeneous data sources.[[4]](#cite_note-4) These standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the Web, fundamentally the RDF. According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries."[[5]](#cite_note-W3C-SWA-5) The Semantic Web is therefore regarded as an integrator across different content and information applications and systems. History ------- [[edit source](/w/index.php?title=Semantic_Web&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section's source code: History")] The term was coined by [Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee "Tim Berners-Lee") for a web of data (or **data web**)[[6]](#cite_note-6) that can be processed by machines[[7]](#cite_note-Berners-Lee-7)—that is, one in which much of the [meaning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics) "Meaning (linguistics)") is [machine-readable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable_data "Machine-readable data"). While its critics have questioned its feasibility, proponents argue that applications in [library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_science "Library science") and [information science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science "Information science"), industry, [biology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology "Biology") and [human sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_science "Human science") research have already proven the validity of the original concept.[[8]](#cite_note-8) The idea of adding semantics to the Web predates the term itself. Berners-Lee discussed the need for semantics in the Web at the first [International World Wide Web Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference "International World Wide Web Conference") in 1994.[[9]](#cite_note-9) In 1998, he published a design document titled "Semantic Web Road map", outlining the architecture for a web of machine-processable data.[[10]](#cite_note-10) The first patent for the creation of a semantic web was filed by [Amit Sheth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Sheth "Amit Sheth") et al. on 30 October 2001.[[11]](#cite_note-11) Berners-Lee originally expressed his vision of the Semantic Web in 1999 as follows: > I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A "Semantic Web", which makes this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The "[intelligent agents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent "Intelligent agent")" people have touted for ages will finally materialize.[[12]](#cite_note-12) The 2001 *[Scientific American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American "Scientific American")* article by Berners-Lee, [Hendler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hendler "James Hendler"), and [Lassila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_Lassila "Ora Lassila") described an expected evolution of the existing Web to a Semantic Web.[[13]](#cite_note-13) In 2006, Berners-Lee and colleagues stated that: "This simple idea…remains largely unrealized".[[14]](#cite_note-14) In 2013, more than four million Web domains (out of roughly 250 million total) contained Semantic Web markup.[[15]](#cite_note-15) Example ------- [[edit source](/w/index.php?title=Semantic_Web&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section's source code: Example")] In the following example, the text "Paul Schuster was born in Dresden" on a website will be annotated, connecting a person with their place of birth. The following [HTML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML "HTML") fragment shows how a small graph is being described, in [RDFa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDFa "RDFa")-syntax using a [schema.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema.org "Schema.org") vocabulary and a [Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata "Wikidata") ID: ``` <div vocab="https://schema.org/" typeof="Person"> <span property="name">Paul Schuster</span> was born in <span property="birthPlace" typeof="Place" href="https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1731"> <span property="name">Dresden</span>. </span> </div> ``` [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RDF_example.svg) Graph resulting from the RDFa example The example defines the following five [triples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_triple "Semantic triple") (shown in [Turtle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(syntax) "Turtle (syntax)") syntax). Each triple represents one edge in the resulting graph: the first element of the triple (the *subject*) is the name of the node where the edge starts, the second element (the *predicate*) the type of the edge, and the last and third element (the *object*) either the name of the node where the edge ends or a literal value (e.g. a text, a number, etc.).

{
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  "text": "[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rdf-graph2.png/500px-Rdf-graph2.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rdf-graph2.png)\n\nA [tag cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_cloud \"Tag cloud\") (a typical Web 3.0 phenomenon in itself) presenting Web 3.0 themes\n\n| [Semantics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics \"Semantics\") |\n| --- |\n| * [Linguistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics) \"Formal semantics (linguistics)\") * [Logical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(logic) \"Formal semantics (logic)\") |\n| | Subfields | | --- | | * [Cognitive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_semantics \"Cognitive semantics\") * [Computational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_semantics \"Computational semantics\") * [Lexical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_semantics \"Lexical semantics\")   + [Lexis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexis_(linguistics) \"Lexis (linguistics)\")   + [Lexicology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicology \"Lexicology\") * [Statistical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_semantics \"Statistical semantics\") * [Structural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_semantics \"Structural semantics\") | | Topics | | * [Analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(linguistics) \"Semantic analysis (linguistics)\") * [Compositionality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositionality \"Compositionality\") * [Context](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context \"Context\")   + [Prototype theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype_theory \"Prototype theory\")   + [Force dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_dynamics \"Force dynamics\") * [Polysemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemy \"Polysemy\") * [Semantic change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_change \"Semantic change\") * [Semantic feature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_feature \"Semantic feature\") * [Semantic field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_field \"Semantic field\") * [Semantic gap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_gap \"Semantic gap\") * [Syntax–semantics interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface \"Syntax–semantics interface\") * [Theory of descriptions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions \"Theory of descriptions\") * [Truth-conditional semantics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth-conditional_semantics \"Truth-conditional semantics\") | | Analysis | | * [Latent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis \"Latent semantic analysis\") * [Computational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(computational) \"Semantic analysis (computational)\") * [Machine learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning) \"Semantic analysis (machine learning)\") | | Applications | | * [Desktop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_desktop \"Semantic desktop\") * [File system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_file_system \"Semantic file system\") * [Matching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_matching \"Semantic matching\") * [Parsing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_parsing \"Semantic parsing\") * [Querying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_query \"Semantic query\")   + [web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web)   + [wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_wiki \"Semantic wiki\") * [Similarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_similarity \"Semantic similarity\") | |\n| [Semantics of programming languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science) \"Semantics (computer science)\") |\n| | Types | | --- | | * [Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_semantics \"Action semantics\") * [Algebraic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_semantics_(computer_science) \"Algebraic semantics (computer science)\") * [Axiomatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_semantics \"Axiomatic semantics\") * [Categorical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_logic \"Categorical logic\") * [Concurrency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_semantics \"Concurrency semantics\") * [Denotational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotational_semantics \"Denotational semantics\") * [Game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_semantics \"Game semantics\") * [Operational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_semantics \"Operational semantics\") * [Predicate transformational](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_transformer_semantics \"Predicate transformer semantics\") | | Theory | | * [Abstract interpretation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_interpretation \"Abstract interpretation\") * [Abstract semantic graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_semantic_graph \"Abstract semantic graph\") | |\n| * [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language \"Language\") * [Linguistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics \"Linguistics\") |\n| * [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Semantics \"Template:Semantics\") * [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Semantics \"Template talk:Semantics\") * [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semantics \"Special:EditPage/Template:Semantics\") |\n\nThe **Semantic Web**, sometimes known as **Web 3.0**, is an extension of the [World Wide Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web \"World Wide Web\") through standards[[1]](#cite_note-1) set by the [World Wide Web Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium \"World Wide Web Consortium\") (W3C). The goal of the Semantic Web is to make [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet \"Internet\") data [machine-readable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable \"Machine-readable\").\n\nTo enable the encoding of [semantics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics \"Semantics\") with the data, technologies such as [Resource Description Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework \"Resource Description Framework\") (RDF)[[2]](#cite_note-2) and [Web Ontology Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language \"Web Ontology Language\") (OWL)[[3]](#cite_note-3) are used. These technologies are used to formally represent [metadata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata \"Metadata\"). For example, [ontology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science) \"Ontology (information science)\") can describe [concepts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept \"Concept\"), relationships between [entities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model \"Entity–relationship model\"), and categories of things. These embedded semantics offer significant advantages such as [reasoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning_engine \"Reasoning engine\") over data and operating with heterogeneous data sources.[[4]](#cite_note-4)\nThese standards promote common data formats and exchange protocols on the Web, fundamentally the RDF. According to the W3C, \"The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries.\"[[5]](#cite_note-W3C-SWA-5) The Semantic Web is therefore regarded as an integrator across different content and information applications and systems.\n\nHistory\n-------\n\n[[edit source](/w/index.php?title=Semantic_Web&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section's source code: History\")]\n\nThe term was coined by [Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee \"Tim Berners-Lee\") for a web of data (or **data web**)[[6]](#cite_note-6) that can be processed by machines[[7]](#cite_note-Berners-Lee-7)—that is, one in which much of the [meaning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics) \"Meaning (linguistics)\") is [machine-readable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable_data \"Machine-readable data\"). While its critics have questioned its feasibility, proponents argue that applications in [library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_science \"Library science\") and [information science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science \"Information science\"), industry, [biology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology \"Biology\") and [human sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_science \"Human science\") research have already proven the validity of the original concept.[[8]](#cite_note-8)\n\nThe idea of adding semantics to the Web predates the term itself. Berners-Lee discussed the need for semantics in the Web at the first [International World Wide Web Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference \"International World Wide Web Conference\") in 1994.[[9]](#cite_note-9) In 1998, he published a design document titled \"Semantic Web Road map\", outlining the architecture for a web of machine-processable data.[[10]](#cite_note-10) The first patent for the creation of a semantic web was filed by [Amit Sheth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Sheth \"Amit Sheth\") et al. on 30 October 2001.[[11]](#cite_note-11)\n\nBerners-Lee originally expressed his vision of the Semantic Web in 1999 as follows:\n\n> I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A \"Semantic Web\", which makes this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The \"[intelligent agents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent \"Intelligent agent\")\" people have touted for ages will finally materialize.[[12]](#cite_note-12)\n\nThe 2001 *[Scientific American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American \"Scientific American\")* article by Berners-Lee, [Hendler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hendler \"James Hendler\"), and [Lassila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_Lassila \"Ora Lassila\") described an expected evolution of the existing Web to a Semantic Web.[[13]](#cite_note-13) In 2006, Berners-Lee and colleagues stated that: \"This simple idea…remains largely unrealized\".[[14]](#cite_note-14)\nIn 2013, more than four million Web domains (out of roughly 250 million total) contained Semantic Web markup.[[15]](#cite_note-15)\n\nExample\n-------\n\n[[edit source](/w/index.php?title=Semantic_Web&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section's source code: Example\")]\n\nIn the following example, the text \"Paul Schuster was born in Dresden\" on a website will be annotated, connecting a person with their place of birth. The following [HTML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML \"HTML\") fragment shows how a small graph is being described, in [RDFa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDFa \"RDFa\")-syntax using a [schema.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema.org \"Schema.org\") vocabulary and a [Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata \"Wikidata\") ID:\n\n```\n<div vocab=\"https://schema.org/\" typeof=\"Person\">\n  <span property=\"name\">Paul Schuster</span> was born in\n  <span property=\"birthPlace\" typeof=\"Place\" href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1731\">\n    <span property=\"name\">Dresden</span>.\n  </span>\n</div>\n```\n\n[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/RDF_example.svg/960px-RDF_example.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RDF_example.svg)\n\nGraph resulting from the RDFa example\n\nThe example defines the following five [triples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_triple \"Semantic triple\") (shown in [Turtle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(syntax) \"Turtle (syntax)\") syntax). Each triple represents one edge in the resulting graph: the first element of the triple (the *subject*) is the name of the node where the edge starts, the second element (the *predicate*) the type of the edge, and the last and third element (the *object*) either the name of the node where the edge ends or a literal value (e.g. a text, a number, etc.).",
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